Secret societies existed in China since ancient times, but their activity and numbers increased after the barbarians invaded the Song empire (960-1279). The Hung Society, one of the active secret societies in south, west, and central China during the Ming period (1368-1644), was mainly political, though with a religious coloring. The following are the ten disciplines of the secret society.

It is not permitted to injure or destroy a fellow Brother [that is, in the Society's secret language, be disrespectful to him].

It is not permitted to curse or scold parents.

It is not permitted to stir up a lamp or put out a light [stir up trouble].

It is not permitted to oppress others because of one's superiority.

It is not permitted to deceive Heaven and cross the river [cheat people].

It is not permitted...