Confederate confidence, however, could not replace the many vital resources that the South lacked. The Southern states had few factories, and most of them were concentrated in the states of Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia. In Florida, whose long coastline might have provided an important export link with the outside world, there was only one operating factory during the Civil War. As a result, the South was forced to import many industrial goods, including the rails and rolling stock of trains, which had been manufactured in Northern factories. Even when well supplied, the most able of Confederate officers were not quite prepared for the total war that ensued after Fort Sumter. For the first time, submarines, machine guns, chemical weapons, and railroads were used in war, and the tactics changed along with the methods of killing. Battlefield maneuvers no longer fit the Napoleonic mold, which...