1950: Philip S. Hench (United States), Edward C. Kendall (United States), and Tadeus Reichstein (Switzerland), for work on the structural and biological effects of the adrenal cortex hormones cortisone and ACTH.

1951: Max Theiler (United States, born in South Africa), for work on the yellow fever virus and related organisms.

1952: Selman A. Waksman (United States, born in Russia), for the discovery of streptomycin and its development as a treatment for tuberculosis and other diseases not affected by penicillin.

1953: Hans A. Krebs (Great Britain, born in Germany), for the discovery of the citric-acid cycle by which the body produces energy, and Fritz A. Lipmann (United States, born in Germany), for the discovery of coenzyme A and its role in the metabolic system.

1954: John F. Enders (United States), Frederick C. Robbins (United States), and Thomas H. Weller (United States), for their discoveries concerning the cultivation of...