E. M. Forster publishes his novel A Passage to India in London.

Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain), Thomas Mann's symbolic novel set in a Swiss tuberculosis sanitarium, is published in Germany.

I. A. Richards's Principles of Literary Criticism, which will influence literary criticism in the United States for more than thirty years, is published in England.

18 Jan.

A plot by the executive committee of the Communist International forces Russian Communist leader Leon Trotsky to retire to the Crimea. On 1 June he returns to Moscow to campaign against Leninist policies that prevail despite Lenin's death. Trotsky is expelled a second time on 10 December and dismissed as commissar of war on 18 January 1925.

21 Jan.

V. I. Lenin dies at age fifty-three.

22 Jan.

The British Labour Party wins its first election, making Ramsay MacDonald Britain's first Labour prime minister.

25 Jan.

The first Winter Olympics opens in Chamonix, France.

27 Jan.

The Treaty of Rome...