Trends.

Throughout the twentieth century, college and university leaders have attempted to integrate athletics and physical education into student life. After World War I, intramural sports programs were developed; coaches of athletics became members of faculties; university administrators sought greater control over intercollegiate athletics; and critics called for reforms in intercollegiate sports.

Intramural Athletics.

In the early 1920s Harvard and Yale developed intramural programs of competition in an attempt to provide "sports for all." These programs emphasized activities — tennis, swimming, canoeing, golf, horseback riding, and badminton, for example — that would be carried over to life beyond college. On many campuses physical-education teachers organized class, interfraternity, and interclub competitions in a wide variety of sports.

Coaches as Teachers.

Although prior to World War I collegiate coaches were not usually members of faculties, during the 1920s many universities required these coaches to teach as well...