In 1905 a study by the National Education Association revealed that, although an overwhelming proportion of teachers in urban school systems were women, women were far less likely to be in a position of leadership, especially at levels where they might be expected to supervise men.

Table: Percentage of Female Public School Employees in Cities With a Population of at least 8,000, 1905.

Source:

David Tyack and Elisabeth Hansot, Managers of Virtue: Public School Leadership in America, 1820-1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1 9 8 2 ) .