Leaves.—­Sap-green, shaded with indigo and French berries; the stalk brown.

Honeysuckles.—­Inside of the petals, white shaded with sap-green, or gamboge and bistre.

The insides are to be shown by curling the leaves back at the ends, or by splitting them.

The outsides, a thin wash of carmine and lake mixed, shaded with carmine—­indigo for the darkest shades.

Stalks.—­Sap-green and carmine.

Leaves.—­Sap-green, shaded with indigo and French berries.

Roses.—­A light tint of pure carmine, over which another equally light of Peruvian blue; proceed with the darker shades of carmine of the best sort.  In the darkest part of the flower add a little indigo to give a roundness.  If the seeds are seen lay on gamboge, shaded with gall-stone.

Leaves.—­Upper side, sap-green, shaded with indigo and French berries mixed; under-side, white indigo and sap-green mixed, shaded with the same.

Stalks.—­Sap-green and carmine, shaded with indigo.

Rose-buds.—­A pale wash of carmine, shaded with a stronger wash of the same.

Stalks and leaves, sap-green with a slight wash of carmine.

557.  Birds in water-colours

Eagles.—­black and brown, shaded with indigo; feathers heightened by brown ochre and white; beak and claws saffron, shaded with bistre; eyes vermilion, heightened with masticot or saffron, shaded with vermilion.

Geese.—­Ceruse shaded with black; legs, black; bill, red.

Owls.—­Ochre mixed with white, in different shades; legs, yellow ochre.

Pheasants.—­White and black mixed; legs, Dutch pink, shaded with black.

Swans.—­White shaded with black; the legs and bills black; eyes yellow; a ball in the midst.

Turkeys.—­Black, black and white mixed, shaded off to a white underneath; sprinkled and shaded with black.

558.  Landscapes in water-colours

Sketch the outlines faintly with a black-lead pencil.  Then colour.

Colours.—­The most useful are:  lake, burnt ochre, gamboge, indigo, light red, sepia, Prussian blue, sienna, and burnt umber.

The gray colour is made of burnt umber, indigo, and lake; each rubbed separately in a saucer, and then mixed in a fourth saucer as to produce the exact colour—­a warm gray.  This is thinned for the light tints, as sky and distances.  Deeper is to be used for the shadows and near parts, softening with water till the exact effect is produced.

Buildings are sometimes tinted with a mixture of lake and gamboge.  Burnt ochre is also used.  The shadows have an excess of lake.

Breadths of Light are obtained by destroying the scattered lights with grays.

Clouds are produced by a thin mixture of indigo and lake.  They should be tinted with sepia.  The lower or horizontal clouds are tinged with ultramarine.