To make Lime Water.—­Put unslacked lime in a well-glazed pan; cover it with pure water, and let it remain for one day.  Then strain off the water.  This water will change sap-green into blue.

553.  To prepare wash colours for maps

Blue.—­Dilute Saxon blue with water; or to the solution of litmus add distilled vinegar.

Green.—­Dissolve verdigris in distilled water and add gum arabic.  Or, dissolve sap-green in water and add gum.

Red.—­Steep Brazil dust in vinegar, with alum.  Or, dissolve litmus in water and add spirit of wine.  Or, steep cochineal in water, strain, and add gum.

Yellow.—­Dissolve gamboge in water; or French berries steeped in water, the liquor strained, and gum arabic added.

554.  To mix water-colours for animals

Horses, black.—­Black lightly laid on, shaded with Keating’s black and bistre, heightened with masticot.

Horses, chestnut brown.—­Red ochre and black mixed together, shaded with black, heightened with red ochre and white.

Horses, grey.—­Black and white mixed, shaded with black, white, and bistre; heightened with pure water.

Lions.—­Colour much in the same manner as horses, adding lake in the ground colour.

Bears.—­Brown ochre, red ochre, and black, mixed; shaded with bistre and ivory black.

Wolves.—­Spanish liquorice and black, shaded with black.

Asses.—­Black and white mixed; or, add a little brown ochre, shaded with black.

Elephants.—­Black, white, and Spanish liquorice, mixed; shaded with black and bistre; the inner part of the nose, vermilion and white, shaded with black.

Monkeys.—­Dutch pink and black, heightened with masticot and white:  the face, black and bistre mixed, as also their feet; their bodies, shaded underneath with black and pink mixed with a little brown ochre.

555.  Fruit in water-colours

Apples.—­Thin masticot mixed with verdigris, shaded with brown ochre.

Cherries.—­Vermilion and lake, shaded with carmine, heightened with vermilion and white.

Grapes, blue.—­Dark purple shaded with blue; the bloom, bice.

Grapes, white.—­Verdigris and masticot mixed, shaded with thin verdigris heightened with masticot and white.

Peaches.—­Thin masticot shaded with brown ochre; the bloom, lake heightened with white.

Pears.—­Masticot deepened and mellowed with brown ochre.

Strawberries.—­White; draw it over with vermilion and lake, shaded with fine lake, heightened with red lead and masticot mixed, and then with white; stipple them with white and thin lead.

556.  To paint flowers

Anemones.—­A thin wash of gamboge shaded with bistre; or carmine and sap-green blended together.  The stripes carmine, shaded with the same; indigo in the darkest parts, or stipple with it.