about it, a depraved character.  Even the men own unwillingly to being Egyptians, for the free-born never forget that the banks of the Nile have for centuries been ruled by the slaves of slaves.  “He shall be called an Egyptian,” is a denunciation which has been strikingly fulfilled, though the country be no longer the “basest of kingdoms.” [FN#22] In those days merchants depended solely upon the native trade and the passage of pilgrims.  The pecuniary advantage attending what is called the Overland transit benefits chiefly the lowest orders, camel-men, sailors, porters, and others of the same class.  Sixteen years ago the hire of a boat from the harbour to the roadstead was a piastre and a half:  now it is at least five. [FN#23] This word, says Mansfield Parkyns (Life in Abyssinia), is applied to the wandering pilgrim from Darfur, Dar Borghu, Bayarimah, Fellatah, and Western Africa.  He mentions, however, a tribe called “Tokrouri,” settled in Abyssinia near Nimr’s country, but he does not appear to know that the ancient Arab settlement in Western Africa, “Al-Takrur,” (Sakatu?) which has handed down its name to a large posterity of small kingdoms, will be found in Al-Idrisi (1. climate, 1. section,); but I do not agree with the learned translator in writing the word “Tokrour.”  Burckhardt often alludes in his benevolent way to the “respectable and industrious Tekrourys.”  I shall have occasion to mention them at a future time. [FN#24] The Sudan (Blackland) in Arabia is applied to Upper Nubia, Senaar, Kordofan, and the parts adjacent. [FN#25] Not only in Ghiz, but also in Arabic, the mother of Ghiz, the word “Habash,” whence our “Abyssinians,” means a rabble, a mixture of people.  Abyssinian Moslems are called by the Arabs “Jabarti.” [FN#26] There is no such thing as a tree, except the date, the tamarisk, and the mimosa on the western shores of the Red Sea. [FN#27] This word, which in Arabic is the feminine form of “Baghl,” a mule, is in Egypt, as in India, pronounced and written by foreigners “buggalow.”  Some worthy Anglo-Indians have further corrupted it to “bungalow.” [FN#28] “The ardeb, like most measures in this country of commercial confusion, varies greatly according to the grain for which it is used.  As a general rule, it may be assumed at 300 lbs.” [FN#29] Return Arab boats, at any but the pilgrim season, with little difficulty obtain permission to carry passengers, but not cargo.  Two gentlemen, in whose pleasant society I once travelled from Cairo to Suez,-M.  Charles Didier and the Abbe Hamilton,-paid the small sum of 1000 piastres, (say L10) for the whole of a moderate sized “Sambuk” returning to Jeddah. [FN#30] Mother-of-pearl is taken to Jerusalem, and there made into chaplets, saints’ figures, and crucifixes for Christian pilgrims.  At Meccah it is worked into rosaries for the Hajis.  In Europe, cabinet and ornamental work cause a considerable demand for it.  Some good pearls are procurable in the Red Sea.  I have seen a drop of fair size