6.  I follow in this Mr. Webb’s work, which is replete with documents to confirm his statements.

7.  Great changes have taken place since the forties in the attitude of the richer classes towards the unions.  However, even in the sixties, the employers made a formidable concerted attempt to crush them by locking out whole populations.  Up to 1869 the simple agreement to strike, and the announcement of a strike by placards, to say nothing of picketing, were often punished as intimidation.  Only in 1875 the Master and Servant Act was repealed, peaceful picketing was permitted, and “violence and intimidation” during strikes fell into the domain of common law.  Yet, even during the dock-labourers’ strike in 1887, relief money had to be spent for fighting before the Courts for the right of picketing, while the prosecutions of the last few years menace once more to render the conquered rights illusory.

8.  A weekly contribution of 6d. out of an 18s. wage, or of 1s. out of 25s., means much more than 9l. out of a 300l. income:  it is mostly taken upon food; and the levy is soon doubled when a strike is declared in a brother union.  The graphic description of trade-union life, by a skilled craftsman, published by Mr. and Mrs. Webb (pp. 431 seq.), gives an excellent idea of the amount of work required from a unionist.

9.  See the debates upon the strikes of Falkenau in Austria before the Austrian Reichstag on the 10th of May, 1894, in which debates the fact is fully recognized by the Ministry and the owner of the colliery.  Also the English Press of that time.

10.  Many such facts will be found in the Daily Chronicle and partly the Daily News for October and November 1894.

11.  The 31,473 productive and consumers’ associations on the Middle Rhine showed, about 1890, a yearly expenditure of 18,437,500l.; 3,675,000l. were granted during the year in loans.

12.  British Consular Report, April 1889.

13.  A capital research on this subject has been published in Russian in the Zapiski (Memoirs) of the Caucasian Geographical Society, vol. vi. 2, Tiflis, 1891, by C. Egiazaroff.

14.  Escape from a French prison is extremely difficult; nevertheless a prisoner escaped from one of the French prisons in 1884 or 1885.  He even managed to conceal himself during the whole day, although the alarm was given and the peasants in the neighbourhood were on the look-out for him.  Next morning found him concealed in a ditch, close by a small village.  Perhaps he intended to steal some food, or some clothes in order to take off his prison uniform.  As he was lying in the ditch a fire broke out in the village.  He saw a woman running out of one of the burning houses, and heard her desperate appeals to rescue a child in the upper storey of the burning house.  No one moved to do so.  Then the escaped prisoner dashed out of his retreat, made his way through the fire, and, with a scalded face and burning clothes, brought