As to the charities and the amounts of work for general well-being which are voluntarily done by so many well-to-do persons, as well as by workers, and especially by professional men, every one knows the part which is played by these two categories of benevolence in modern life.  If the desire of acquiring notoriety, political power, or social distinction often spoils the true character of that sort of benevolence, there is no doubt possible as to the impulse coming in the majority of cases from the same mutual-aid feelings.  Men who have acquired wealth very often do not find in it the expected satisfaction.  Others begin to feel that, whatever economists may say about wealth being the reward of capacity, their own reward is exaggerated.  The conscience of human solidarity begins to tell; and, although society life is so arranged as to stifle that feeling by thousands of artful means, it often gets the upper hand; and then they try to find an outcome for that deeply human need by giving their fortune, or their forces, to something which, in their opinion, will promote general welfare.

In short, neither the crushing powers of the centralized State nor the teachings of mutual hatred and pitiless struggle which came, adorned with the attributes of science, from obliging philosophers and sociologists, could weed out the feeling of human solidarity, deeply lodged in men’s understanding and heart, because it has been nurtured by all our preceding evolution.  What was the outcome of evolution since its earliest stages cannot be overpowered by one of the aspects of that same evolution.  And the need of mutual aid and support which had lately taken refuge in the narrow circle of the family, or the slum neighbours, in the village, or the secret union of workers, re-asserts itself again, even in our modern society, and claims its rights to be, as it always has been, the chief leader towards further progress.  Such are the conclusions which we are necessarily brought to when we carefully ponder over each of the groups of facts briefly enumerated in the last two chapters.

Notes: 

1.  Toulmin Smith, English Guilds, London, 1870, Introd. p. xliii.

2.  The Act of Edward the Sixth—­the first of his reign—­ ordered to hand over to the Crown “all fraternities, brotherhoods, and guilds being within the realm of England and Wales and other of the king’s dominions; and all manors, lands, tenements, and other hereditaments belonging to them or any of them” (English Guilds, Introd. p. xliii).  See also Ockenkowski’s Englands wirtschaftliche Entwickelung im Ausgange des Mittelalters, Jena, 1879, chaps. ii-v.

3.  See Sidney and Beatrice Webb, History of Trade-Unionism, London, 1894, pp. 21-38.

4.  See in Sidney Webb’s work the associations which existed at that time.  The London artisans are supposed to have never been better organized than in 1810-20.

5.  The National Association for the Protection of Labour included about 150 separate unions, which paid high levies, and had a membership of about 100,000.  The Builders’ Union and the Miners’ Unions also were big organizations (Webb, l.c. p. 107).