29.  In Wurttemberg 1,629 communes out of 1,910 have communal property.  They owned in 1863 over 1,000,000 acres of land.  In Baden 1,256 communes out of 1,582 have communal land; in 1884-1888 they held 121,500 acres of fields in communal culture, and 675,000 acres of forests, i.e. 46 per cent. of the total area under woods.  In Saxony 39 per cent. of the total area is in communal ownership (Schmoller’s Jahrbuch, 1886, p. 359).  In Hohenzollern nearly two-thirds of all meadow land, and in Hohenzollern-Hechingen 41 per cent. of all landed property, are owned by the village communities (Buchenberger, Agrarwesen, vol. i. p. 300).

30.  See K. Bucher, who, in a special chapter added to Laveleye’s Ureigenthum, has collected all information relative to the village community in Germany.

31.  K. Bucher, ibid. pp. 89, 90.

32.  For this legislation and the numerous obstacles which were put in the way, in the shape of red-tapeism and supervision, see Buchenberger’s Agrarwesen und Agrarpolitik, Bd. ii. pp. 342-363, and p. 506, note.

33.  Buchenberger, l.c.  Bd. ii. p. 510.  The General Union of Agricultural Co-operation comprises an aggregate of 1,679 societies.  In Silesia an aggregate of 32,000 acres of land has been lately drained by 73 associations; 454,800 acres in Prussia by 516 associations; in Bavaria there are 1,715 drainage and irrigation unions.

34.  For the Balkan peninsula see Laveleye’s Propriete Primitive.

35.  The facts concerning the village community, contained in nearly a hundred volumes (out of 450) of these inquests, have been classified and summed up in an excellent Russian work by “V.V.”  The Peasant Community (Krestianskaya Obschina), St. Petersburg, 1892, which, apart from its theoretical value, is a rich compendium of data relative to this subject.  The above inquests have also given origin to an immense literature, in which the modern village-community question for the first time emerges from the domain of generalities and is put on the solid basis of reliable and sufficiently detailed facts.

36.  The redemption had to be paid by annuities for forty-nine years.  As years went, and the greatest part of it was paid, it became easier and easier to redeem the smaller remaining part of it, and, as each allotment could be redeemed individually, advantage was taken of this disposition by traders, who bought land for half its value from the ruined peasants.  A law was consequently passed to put a stop to such sales.

37.  Mr. V.V., in his Peasant Community, has grouped together all facts relative to this movement.  About the rapid agricultural development of South Russia and the spread of machinery English readers will find information in the Consular Reports (Odessa, Taganrog).

38.  In some instances they proceeded with great caution.  In one village they began by putting together all meadow land, but only a small portion of the fields (about five acres per soul) was rendered communal; the remainder continued to be owned individually.  Later on, in 1862-1864, the system was extended, but only in 1884 was communal possession introduced in full.—­ V.V.’s Peasant Community, pp. 1-14.