20.  Dr. Reichesberg, Handworterbuch des Schweiz.  Volkswirthschaft, Bern, 1903.

21.  See on this subject a series of works, summed up in one of the excellent and suggestive chapters (not yet translated into English) which K. Bucher has added to the German translation of Laveleye’s Primitive Ownership.  Also Meitzen, “Das Agrar-und Forst-Wesen, die Allmenden und die Landgemeinden der Deutschen Schweiz,” in Jahrbuch fur Staatswissenschaft, 1880, iv. (analysis of Miaskowsky’s works); O’Brien, “Notes in a Swiss village,” in Macmillan’s Magazine, October 1885.

22.  The wedding gifts, which often substantially contribute in this country to the comfort of the young households, are evidently a remainder of the communal habits.

23.  The communes own, 4,554,100 acres of woods out of 24,813,000 in the whole territory, and 6,936,300 acres of natural meadows out of 11,394,000 acres in France.  The remaining 2,000,000 acres are fields, orchards, and so on.

24.  In Caucasia they even do better among the Georgians.  As the meal costs, and a poor man cannot afford to give it, a sheep is bought by those same neighbours who come to aid in the work.

25.  Alfred Baudrillart, in H. Baudrillart’s Les Populations Rurales de la France, 3rd series (Paris, 1893), p. 479.

26.  The Journal des Economistes (August 1892, May and August 1893) has lately given some of the results of analyses made at the agricultural laboratories at Ghent and at Paris.  The extent of falsification is simply incredible; so also the devices of the “honest traders.”  In certain seeds of grass there was 32 per cent. of gains of sand, coloured so as to Receive even an experienced eye; other samples contained from 52 to 22 per cent. only of pure seed, the remainder being weeds.  Seeds of vetch contained 11 per cent. of a poisonous grass (nielle); a flour for cattle-fattening contained 36 per cent. of sulphates; and so on ad infinitum.

27.  A. Baudrillart, l.c. p. 309.  Originally one grower would undertake to supply water, and several others would agee to make use of it.  “What especially characterises such associations,” A. Baudrillart remarks, “is that no sort of written agreement is concluded.  All is arranged in words.  There was, however, not one single case of difficulties having arisen between the parties.”

28.  A. Baudrillart, l.c. pp. 300, 341, etc.  M. Terssac, president of the St. Gironnais syndicate (Ariege), wrote to my friend in substance as follows:—­“For the exhibition of Toulouse our association has grouped the owners of cattle which seemed to us worth exhibiting.  The society undertook to pay one-half of the travelling and exhibition expenses; one-fourth was paid by each owner, and the remaining fourth by those exhibitors who had got prizes.  The result was that many took part in the exhibition who never would have done it otherwise.  Those who got the highest awards (350 francs) have contributed 10 per cent. of their prizes, while those who have got no prize have only spent 6 to 7 francs each.”