In 1997, the No Electronic Theft Act amended section 2319 of title 18 as follows:  1) in subsection (a) by inserting “and (c)” after “subsection (b),”; 2) in subsection (b), in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by inserting “section 506(a)(1) of title 17” in lieu of “subsection (a) of this section,”; 3) in subsection (b)(1) by inserting “including by electronic means” and by inserting “which have a total retail value” in lieu of “with a retail value,” 4) by redesignating subsection (c) as subsection (e); and 5) by adding new subsections (c) and (d).  Pub.  L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678.  The Act also directed the United States Sentencing Commission to “ensure that the applicable guideline range for a defendant convicted of a crime against intellectual property . . . is sufficiently stringent to deter such a crime” and to “ensure that the guidelines provide for consideration of the retail value and quantity of the items with respect to which the crime against intellectual property was committed."* Id.* See also endnote 5, chapter 5, supra.

3 In 1994, the Uruguay Round Agreements Act added section 2319A to title 18 of the United States Code. Pub.  L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809, 4974.  In 1997, the No Electronic Theft Act amended section 2319A by redesignating subsections (d) and (e) as subsections (e) and (f), respectively, and by adding subsection (d).  Pub.  L. No. 105-147, 111 Stat. 2678.  See also endnote 2, supra, regarding the United States Sentencing Commission.

4 In 1948, section 1338, entitled “Patents, copyrights, trade-marks, and unfair competition,” was added to title 28 of the United States Code. Pub.  L. No. 773, 62 Stat. 869, 931.  In 1970, the title of section 1338 and the text of subsection (b) were amended to insert “plant variety protection” after “patent.”  Pub.  L. No. 91-577, 84 Stat. 1542, 1559.  In 1988, the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act amended section 1338 by adding “mask works” to the title and by adding subsection (c).  Pub.  L. No. 100-702, 102 Stat. 4642, 4671.

5 In 1960, section 1498 of the United States Code was amended to add subsections (b) and (c).  Pub.  L. No. 86-726, 74 Stat. 855.  The Copyright Act of 1976 amended section 1498(b) to insert “section 504(c) of title 17” in lieu of “section 101(b) of title 17.”  Pub.  L. No. 94-553, 90 Stat. 2541, 2599.  The Federal Courts Improvement Act of 1982 amended section 1498(a) to insert “United States Claims Court” in lieu of “Court of Claims” and, in subsections (b) and (d), to insert “Claims Court” in lieu of “Court of Claims,” wherever it appeared.  Pub.  L. No. 97-164, 96 Stat. 25, 40.  In 1988, the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act amended section 1498 by adding subsection (e).  Pub.  L. No. 100-702, 102 Stat. 4642, 4671.  The Federal Courts Administration Act of 1992 amended section 1498 by inserting “United States Court of Federal Claims” in lieu of “United States Claims