devoured by birds and beasts.  The stake commonly called “Khazuk”, is a stout pole pointed at one end, and the criminal being thrown upon his belly is held firm whilst the end is passed up his fundament.  His legs and body are then lashed to it and it is raised by degrees and planted in a hole already dug, an agonising part of the process.  If the operation be performed by an expert who avoids injuring any mortal part, the wretch may live for three days suffering the pangs of thirst; but a drink of water causes hemorrhage and instant death.  This was the case with the young Moslem student who murdered the excellent Marshal Kleber in the garden attached to Shepherd’s Hotel, Cairo, wherein, by the by, he suffered for his patriotic crime.  Death as in crucifixion is brought on by cramps and nervous exhaustion, for which see Canon Farrar (Life of Christ, ii. 392 et seqq.).

[FN#430] Archaeological Review, July, 1888, pp. 331-342.

[FN#431] The proper names are overrun with accents and diaeretical points, of which I have here retained but few.

[FN#432] Particularly mentioning Syntipas, the Forty Vizirs, a Turkish romance relating to Alexander, in 120 volumes; and Mohammed al-’Aufi.

[FN#433] Probably similar to those described in the story of the Warlock and the Cook (antea, pp. 106-112)

[FN#434] The last clause is very short and obscure in the French “qu’il n’a pas son satire,” but what follows shows the real meaning to be that given above. (W.  F. K.)

[FN#435] This I take to be the meaning of the words, “une autre monde sous la terre par sept fois.” (W.F.K.)

[FN#436] Galland writes “on fait un jeu de Giret (tournoi), etc.”  (W.  F. K.)

[FN#437] Perhaps an error of Galland’s. (W.  F. K.)

[FN#438] I do not know the German edition referred to.

[FN#439] This great class of tales is quite as widely extended in the north of Europe and Asia, as in the south.  We meet with them in Siberia, and they are particularly common in Lapland I believe, too, that the Indian story of the Red Swan (referred to by Longfellow, Hiawatha xii.) is only a Swan Maiden legend in a rather modified form.  As usual, we find a bizarre form of the Swan Maiden story among the Samoghitians of Lithuania.  The Zemyne is a one eyed venomous snake, with black blood which cures all diseases and neutralises all magic.  It is an enchanted maiden; and sometimes the skin has been stolen, and she has reamed a man.  But if she recovers her skin, she resumes her snake-form, and bites and kills her husband and children.  Many other strange things are related of the Zemyne (Veckenstedt, Mythen, Sagen, und Legenden der Zamaiten, ii., pp. 149-152).]

[FN#440] About twenty pounds.

[FN#441] Spitta Bey (p. 27 note) suggests that this is a reminiscence of the ancient Egyptian idea of the Scarabaeus which typifies life.

[FN#442] Southey, in his story of the Young Dragon, relates how Satan, disapproving of the rapid conversion of the inhabitants of Antioch to Christianity, laid an egg, and hatched out a dragon, which he sent to destroy the inhabitants.  But a Pagan whose Christian daughter was devoted to the dragon by lot, stole the thumb from a relic (the hand of John the Baptist), as he pretended to kiss it, and cast it into the mouth of the dragon, and blew him up.