[FN#99] Arab.  “Muhattakat;” usually “with torn veils” (fem. plur.) here “without veils,” metaphor. meaning in disgrace, in dishonour.

[FN#100] For this reedy Poa, see vol. ii. 18.

[FN#101] I have repeatedly noticed that singing and all music are, in religious parlance, “Makruh,” blameable though not actually damnable; and that the first step after “getting religion” is to forswear them.

[FN#102] i.e. to find the thief or make good the loss.

[FN#103] i.e. the claimants.

[FN#104] Arab.  “Sakiyah:”  see vol. i. 123.

[FN#105] The lower orders of Egypt and Syria are addicted to this bear-like attack; so the negroes imitate fighting-rams by butting with their stony heads.  Let me remark that when Herodotus (iii. 12), after Psammenitus’ battle of Pelusium in B.C. 524, made the remark that the Egyptian crania were hardened by shaving and insolation and the Persians were softened by wearing head-cloths, he tripped in his anthropology.  The Iranian skull is naturally thin compared with that of the negroid Egyptian and the negro.

[FN#106] Arab.  “Farkalah,” {Greek} from flagellum; cattle-whip with leathern thongs.  Lane, M.E.; Fleischer Glos. 83-84; Dozy s.v.

[FN#107] This clause is supplied to make sense.

[FN#108] i.e. to crucify him by nailing him to an upright board.

[FN#109] i.e. a native of the Hauran, Job’s country east of Damascus, now a luxuriant waste, haunted only by the plundering Badawin and the Druzes of the hills, who are no better; but its stretches of ruins and league-long swathes of stone over which the vine was trained, show what it has been and what it will be again when the incubus of Turkish mis-rule shall be removed from it.  Herr Schuhmacher has lately noted in the Hauran sundry Arab traditions of Job; the village Nawa, where he lived; the Hammam ’Ayyub, where he washed his leprous skin; the Dayr Ayyub, a monastery said to date from the third century; and the Makan Ayyub at Al-Markaz, where the semi-mythical patriarch and his wife are buried.  The “Rock of Job”, covered by a mosque, is a basaltic monolith 7 feet high by 4, and is probably connected with the solar worship of the old Phoenicians.

[FN#110] This habit “torquere mero,” was a favourite with the mediaeval Arabs.  Its effect varies greatly with men’s characters, making some open-hearted and communicative, and others more cunning and secretive than in the normal state.  So far it is an excellent detection of disposition, and many a man passes off well when sober who has shown himself in liquor a rank snob.  Among the lower orders it provokes what the Persians call Bad-masti (le vin mechant) see Pilgrimage iii. 385.

[FN#111] This mystery is not unfamiliar to the modern “spiritualist;” and all Eastern tongues have a special term for the mysterious Voice.  See vol. i. 142.

[FN#112] Arab.  “Alaykum:”  addressed to a single person.  This is generally explained by the “Salam” reaching the ears of Invisible Controls, and even the Apostle.  We find the words cruelly distorted in the Pentamerone of Giambattista Basile (partly translated by John E. Taylor, London:  Bogue, 1848), “The Prince, coming up to the old woman heard an hundred Licasalemme,” p. 383.