Philoxenus, had a more independent spirit than most parasites, and the history of his sojourn in Syracuse gives us an amusing insight into the state of Court life in Sicily 400 years B.C.  He was an Athenian dithyrambic poet and musician; and as Dionysius affected literature, he was welcomed at his palace, where he wrote a poem entitled “The Banquet,” containing an account of the luxurious style of living there adopted.  Philoxenus was probably the least esteemed guest at these feasts, of which, but for him no record would survive.  He was a man of humour, and some instances of his quaintness remain.  On one occasion, when supping with the tyrant, a small mullet was placed before him, and a large one before Dionysius.  He thereupon took up his fish and placed it to his ear.  Dionysius asked him why he did so, to which he replied that he was writing a poem, called “Galataea,” and wanted to hear some news from the kingdom of Nereus.  “The fish given to him,” he added, “knew nothing about it, because it had been caught so young; but no doubt that set before Dionysius would know everything.”  The tyrant, we are told, laughed and sent him his mullet.  As might have been anticipated, he soon greatly offended Dionysius, who actually sent him to work in the stone-quarries; but the cause of his misfortune is uncertain.  Athenaeus attributes it to his falling in love with a favourite “flute-girl” of Dionysius, and says that in his “Galataea,” he caricatured his rival as the Cyclops.  According to another account, his disgrace was owing to his having, when asked to revise one of Dionysius’ poetical compositions, crossed out the whole of it from beginning to end.  He was, however, restored to favour, and seated once more at the royal table; but, unfortunately, the tyrant had again been perpetrating poetry, and recited some of his verses, which were loudly applauded by all the courtiers.  Philoxenus was called upon to join in the commendation, but instead of complying, he cried out to the guards, “Take me back to the quarries.”  Dionysius, took the joke and pardoned him.  He afterwards left the Syracusan Court, and went to his native place, Cythera; and it was characteristic of his bluntness and wit, that, on being invited by the tyrant to return, he replied by only one letter of the alphabet signifying “NO.”

And now a most grotesque figure stands before us—­it is that of Diogenes, who was a youth at the time of Aristophanes’ successes, and was, no doubt by many, classed with those rude idlers of the market-place of whom we have already spoken.  Some people have questioned his claim to be regarded as a philosopher.  He does not appear to have been learned, or deeply read; but he was meditative and observant, and that which in an anchorite, or hermit, would have been a mere sentiment, and in an ordinary man a vague and occasional reflection, expanded in his mind into a general and practical view of life.  Observing that the things we covet are not only difficult of