accompanied with power, is a source of terrible errors, but is excusable when only weak and childish.  ‘True.’  We often say that one man masters, and another is mastered by pleasure and anger.  ‘Just so.’  But no one says that one man masters, and another is mastered by ignorance.  ‘You are right.’  All these motives actuate men and sometimes drive them in different ways.  ‘That is so.’  Now, then, I am in a position to define the nature of just and unjust.  By injustice I mean the dominion of anger and fear, pleasure and pain, envy and desire, in the soul, whether doing harm or not:  by justice I mean the rule of the opinion of the best, whether in states or individuals, extending to the whole of life; although actions done in error are often thought to be involuntary injustice.  No controversy need be raised about names at present; we are only desirous of fixing in our memories the heads of error.  And the pain which is called fear and anger is our first head of error; the second is the class of pleasures and desires; and the third, of hopes which aim at true opinion about the best;—­this latter falls into three divisions (i.e. (1) when accompanied by simple ignorance, (2) when accompanied by conceit of wisdom combined with power, or (3) with weakness), so that there are in all five.  And the laws relating to them may be summed up under two heads, laws which deal with acts of open violence and with acts of deceit; to which may be added acts both violent and deceitful, and these last should be visited with the utmost rigour of the law.  ‘Very properly.’

Let us now return to the enactment of laws.  We have treated of sacrilege, and of conspiracy, and of treason.  Any of these crimes may be committed by a person not in his right mind, or in the second childhood of old age.  If this is proved to be the fact before the judges, the person in question shall only have to pay for the injury, and not be punished further, unless he have on his hands the stain of blood.  In this case he shall be exiled for a year, and if he return before the expiration of the year, he shall be retained in the public prison two years.

Homicides may be divided into voluntary and involuntary:  and first of involuntary homicide.  He who unintentionally kills another man at the games or in military exercises duly authorized by the magistrates, whether death follow immediately or after an interval, shall be acquitted, subject only to the purification required by the Delphian Oracle.  Any physician whose patient dies against his will shall in like manner be acquitted.  Any one who unintentionally kills the slave of another, believing that he is his own, with or without weapons, shall bear the master of the slave harmless, or pay a penalty amounting to twice the value of the slave, and to this let him add a purification greater than in the case of homicide at the games.  If a man kill his own slave, a purification only is required of him.  If he kill a freeman unintentionally,