he admits that he was terrible to the men of Galloway, but insists that he was beloved of the Scots.  It must not be forgotten that the new system brought Anglo-Norman justice and order with it, and must soon have commended itself by its practical results.  The grants of land did not mean dispossession.  The small owners of land and the serfs acquiesced in the new rule and began to take new names, and the Anglo-Norman strangers were in actual possession, not of the land itself, but of the privilegia owed by the land.  Even with regard to the great lords, the statements have been slightly exaggerated; Alexander II was aided in crushing the rebellion of 1214-15 by Celtic earls, and in 1235 he subdued Galloway by the aid of a Celtic Earl of Ross.

* * * * *

We have attempted to explain the Anglicization of Scotland, south and east of “the Highland line”, by the combined forces of the Church, the Court, Feudalism, and Commerce, and it is unnecessary to lay further stress upon the importance of these elements in twelfth century life.  It may be interesting to compare with this the process by which the Scottish Highlands have been Anglicized within the last century and a half.  It must, in the first place, be fully understood that the interval between the twelfth century and the suppression of the last Jacobite rising was not void of development even in the Highlands.  “It is in the reign of David the First”, says Mr. Skene,[98] “that the sept or clan first appears as a distinct and prominent feature in the social organization of the Gaelic population”, and it is not till the reign of Robert III that he finds “the first appearance of a distinct clan”.  Between the end of the fourteenth century and the middle of the eighteenth, the clan had developed a complete organization, consisting of the chief and his kinsmen, the common people of the same blood, and the dependants of the clan.  Each clan contained several septs, founded by such descendants of chiefs as had obtained a definite possession in land.  The writer of Letters from a Gentleman in the North of Scotland in 1726, mentions that the Highland clans were “subdivided into smaller branches of fifty or sixty men, who deduce their original from their particular chieftains, and rely upon them as their more immediate protectors and defenders”.

The Hanoverian government had thus to face, in 1746, a problem in some respects more difficult than that which the descendants of Malcolm Canmore had solved.  The clan organization was complete, and clan loyalty had assumed the form of an extravagant devotion; a hostile feeling had arisen between Highlands and Lowlands, and all feeling of common nationality had been lost.  There was no such important factor as the Church to help the change; religion was, on the whole, perhaps rather adverse than favourable to the process of Anglicization.  On the other hand, the task was, in other aspects, very much easier.  The Highlands had been affected