measure, for he had immediately to face a new rebellion in Galloway; he reigned for twelve years in all, and was only twenty-four years of age when he died.  The only truth in Fordun’s statement is probably that Malcolm IV carried on the policy of David I in regard to the land-owners of Moray, and forfeited the possessions of those who had taken part in MacHeth’s rising.  In Galloway, a similar policy was pursued.  Some of the old nobility, offended perhaps by Malcolm’s attendance on Henry II at Toulouse, in his capacity as an English baron, joined the defeated Donald MacHeth in an attempt upon Malcolm, at Perth, in 1160.  MacHeth took refuge in Galloway, which the king had to invade three times before bringing it into subjection.  Before his death, in 1165, Galloway was part of the feudal kingdom of Scotland.

Only once again was the security of the Anglo-Celtic dynasty seriously threatened by the supporters of the older civilization.  When William the Lion, brother and successor of Malcolm IV, was the prisoner of Henry II, risings took place both in Galloway and in Moray.  A Galloway chieftain, by name Gilbert, maintained an independent rule to his death in 1185, when William came to terms with his nephew and successor, Roland.  In the north, Donald Bane Mac William, a great-grandson of Malcolm Canmore, raised the standard of revolt in 1181, and it was not till 1187 that the rebellion was finally suppressed, and Donald Bane killed.  There were further risings, in Moray in 1214 (on the accession of Alexander II), and in Galloway in 1235.  The chronicler, Walter of Coventry, tells us that these revolts were occasioned by the fact that recent Scottish kings had proved themselves Frenchmen rather than Scots, and had surrounded themselves solely with Frenchmen.  This is the real explanation of the support given to the Celtic pretenders.  A new civilization is not easily imposed upon a people.  Elsewhere in Scotland, the process was more gradual and less violent.  In the eastern Lowlands there were no pretenders and no rebellions, and traces of the earlier civilization remained longer than in Galloway and in Moray.  “In Fife alone”, says Mr. Robertson, “the Earl continued in the thirteenth century to exercise the prerogatives of a royal Maor, and, in the reign of David I, we find in Fife what is practically the clan MacDuff."[96] Neither in the eastern Lowlands, nor in the more disturbed districts of Moray and Galloway, is there any evidence of a radical change in the population.  The changes were imposed from above.  Mr. Lang has pointed out that we do not hear “of feuds consequent on the eviction of prior holders....  The juries, from Angus to Clyde, are full of Celtic names of the gentry.  The Steward (FitzAlan) got Renfrew, but the probi homines, or gentry, remain Celtic after the reigns of David and William."[97] The contemporary chronicler, Aelred, gives no hint that David replaced his Scottish subjects by an Anglo-Norman population;