that each hermit should live in a cell by himself; interdicted meat; recommended manual labor and silence; and imposed a strict fast from the exaltation of the cross to Easter, Sundays being excepted.  The hermits were compelled to abandon Mount Carmel by the advance of the Mahomedan power, and established themselves in Cyprus, and other places.  In Europe they were compelled to live in common and mitigate their rule, and they became known as one of the mendicant orders.  In England, where they became very numerous, they were called the “White Friars.”  To St. Simon Stock, the first general, the Virgin is said to have shown the scapular in a vision.  The order became divided into two branches, according to whether they observed the strict or the mitigated rule, being designated as Observatines and Conventuals.  The Carmelite nuns were first instituted by John Soreth, general of the order in the fifteenth century.  See Addis and Arnold’s Catholic Dictionary, pp. 120-122.

[64] Gregorio de Santa Catalina, who had gone to Rome with twelve religious to urge the support of the pope for the Recollects.

[65] “Fray Miguel de Santa Maria, with his seven companions, arrived at Tandag in the year 1622” (Provincia de S. Nicolas de Tolentino, p. 276).

[66] A letter dated May 22, 1904, from father Fray Eduardo Navarro, O.S.A., Valladolid, Spain, who spent many years in the Philippines, thus defines several terms as used in the islands. Pueblo ["town” or “village”] is to be understood in its usual significance.  But beside the pueblo proper, where are established the church, parochial house, and city hall, all the pueblos have, at a greater or less distance, groups of a greater or less number of houses.  If they belong to Christians, they are called barrios ["suburbs"], and have a distinctive name; if of infidels, they are called rancherias ["a collection of huts”] of such and such a chief.

[67] i.e., “at the entrance to the church;” said of marriages duly performed with church rites.

[68] “Strictly speaking, then, the work of the redemption of those islanders [in Mindanao] belongs to the Jesuits and the Recollects.  The latter commenced their labors by virtue of an arrangement made in the year 1622, by the bishop of Cebu, Very Reverend Father Fray Pedro de Arce—­agreed upon with the captain-general of the archipelago, who was then the famous Don Alonso Fajardo de Tenza.  Their first enterprises were on the northern and eastern coasts of Mindanao, as well as in the adjacent islets of Dinagat, Camiguin, and Siargao.  In the year 1631, the ninth of their evangelizing work, the Recollect fathers suffered painful but glorious losses; for six of those missionaries were martyred by the inhabitants of the island.” (Retana and Pastells, in their edition of Combes’s Historia de Mindanao, col. 788.)

[69] River and pueblo of same name in the province of Misamis, in northern Mindanao; the river falls into the bay of Macajalar.