[59] “In older works are so named [Caragas] the warlike and Christian inhabitants of the localities subdued by the Spaniards on the east coast of Mindanao, and, indeed, after their principal city, Caraga.  It has been called, if not a peculiar language, a Visaya dialect, while now only Visaya (near Manobo and Mandaya) is spoken, and an especial Caraga nation is no longer known.” (Blumentritt’s “Native Tribes of the Philippines,” in Smithsonian Report, 1899, p. 535.)

[60] The title-pages of La Concepcion’s fourteen volumes show more or less difference in their wording.  Following is a translation of the title of vol. iv, a facsimile of which is here presented:  “General history of Philipinas:  temporal and spiritual conquests of these Spanish dominions, their establishment, progress, and decadence; comprehending the empires, kingdoms, and provinces of islands and continents with which there has been communication and commerce by immediate coincidences, with general notices regarding geography, hydrography, natural history, politics, customs, and religions, in which so universal a title should be interested.  By father Fray Juan de la Concepcion, discalced Augustinian Recollect, pensioned lecturer, ex-provincial, synodal examiner of the archbishopric of Manila, and chronicler of his province of San Nicolas of the Philipinas islands.  Volume IV.  With permission of the superiors.  At Manila, in the printing office of the royal and conciliar seminary of San Carlos; printed by Agustin de la Rosa y Balagtas.  Year of 1788.”

[61] A term applied to the gun-room on a ship, which was considered as under the protection of St. Barbara.

[62] The Armenian church was founded by St. Gregory, who was consecrated bishop of Armenia in the year 302 A.D.  Owing to a misunderstanding, this church refused to accept the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon (451 A.D.) regarding certain questions of heresies, which led to its gradual separation from the Greek church.  In the middle of the fifteenth century arose dissensions, which resulted in a schism; these were mainly occasioned by Roman Catholic missionaries who endeavored to proselytize the Armenians to the doctrine, liturgy, and ceremonies of the Roman church, to which they gained many adherents.  This led to dissensions and persecutions, which continued until, in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Armenian patriarch secured the intervention of Peter the Great, and the protection of the Russian church, under which that of Armenia has since remained.

[63] The Order of the Carmelites was founded by a crusader named Berthold, in the middle of the twelfth century.  Some time after becoming a monk in Calabria he went to Mount Carmel, where he was joined by various other hermits living there in solitude.  They adopted the rule of life framed for them by Albert, patriarch of Jerusalem, which consisted of sixteen articles.  These forbade the possession of property; ordered