to children when very young, by mothers, who require to work and cannot at the same time nurse their offspring.  In China it is either smoked or swallowed in the shape of Tye.  In Bally it is first adulterated with China paper, and then rolled up with the fibres of a particular kind of plantain.  It is then inserted into a hole made at the end of a small bamboo, and smoked.  In Java and Sumatra it is often mixed with sugar and the ripe fruit of the plantain.  In Turkey it is usually taken in pills, and those who do so, avoid drinking any water after swallowing them, as this is said to produce violent colics; but to make it more palatable, it is sometimes mixed with syrups or thickened juices; in this form, however, it is less intoxicating, and resembles mead.  It is then taken with a spoon, or is dried in small cakes, with the words “Mash Allah,” or “Word of God,” imprinted on them.  When the dose of two or three drachms a day no longer produces the beatific intoxication, so eagerly sought by the opiophagi, they mix the opium with corrosive sublimate, increasing the quantity of the latter till it reaches ten grains a day.  It then acts as a stimulant.  In addition to its being used in the shape of pills, it is frequently mixed with hellebore and hemp, and forms a mixture known by the name of majoon, whose properties are different from that of opium, and may account in a great measure for the want of similitude in the effect of the drug on the Turk and the Chinese.

In Singapore and China the refuse of the chandu, the prepared extract of opium, is all used by the lower classes.  This extract, when consumed, leaves a refuse, consisting of charcoal, empyreumatic oil, some of the salts of opium, and a part of the chandu not consumed.  Now one ounce of chandu gives nearly half an ounce of this refuse, called Tye, or Tinco.  This is smoked and swallowed by the poorer classes, who only pay half the price of chandu for it.  When smoked it yields a further refuse called samshing, and this is even used by the still poorer, although it contains a very small quantity of the narcotic principle.  Samshing, however, is never smoked, as it cannot furnish any smoke, but is swallowed, and that not unfrequently mixed with arrack.

Preparation.—­In Asia Minor, men, women, and children, a few days after the flower falls from the poppies, proceed to the fields, and with a shell scratch the capsules, wait twenty-four hours, and collect the tears, which amount to two or three grains in weight from each capsule.  These being collected and mixed with the scrapings of the shells, worked up with saliva and surrounded by dried leaves, it is then sold, but, generally speaking, not without being still more adulterated with cow’s dung, sand, gravel, the petals of flowers, &c.  Different kinds of opium are known in the markets of Europe and Asia.

The first in point of quality is the Smyrna, known in commerce as the Turkey