The annual quantity of safflower, according to Dr. Taylor, exported from the district of Dacca for eight years ending with 1839, amounted to 4,000 maunds, or about 149 tons.  The exports through the Calcutta Custom House are occasionally large:  in 1824-25 there were about 316 tons; 8,500 Indian maunds were shipped from Calcutta in each of the years 1841 and 1842.

The prices in the Liverpool market, in January 1853, were for Bengal, good and fine, L6 to L7 10s. per cwt.; middling, L4 to L4 10s.; inferior and ordinary, L2 10s. to L3.

GAMBOGE is extensively used as a pigment, from its bright yellow color.  There are two kinds known in commerce, the Ceylon and the Siam.  The former is procured from the Hebradendron Cambogoides, Graham; a tree which grows wild on the Malabar and Ceylon coasts, and affords the coarsest kind.  The pipe gamboge of Siam is said to be obtained from the bruised leaves and young branches of Stalagmites cambogoides.  The resinous sap is received into calabashes, and allowed to thicken, after which it is formed into rolls.  Several other plants, as the Mangostana Gambogia, Gaertner, and the Hypericum bacciferum and Cayanense, yield similar yellow viscid exudation, hardly distinguishable from gamboge and used for the same purpose by painters.  The Garcinia elliptica, Wallich, of Tavoy and Moulmein, affords gamboge, and approaches very closely in its characters to Graham’s Hebradendron.  In like manner the Mysore tree bears an exceedingly close resemblance to that species.  It is common in the forests of Wynaad in the western part of Mysore, and has been named by Dr. Christison Hebradendron pictorium.  Another gamboge tree has recently been found inhabiting the western Burmese territories.  Both these seem to furnish an equally fine pigment.  As it can be obtained in unlimited quantity, it might be introduced into European trade, if the natives learn how to collect it in a state of purity, and make it up in homogenous masses in imitation of pipe gamboge, the finest Siam variety.  It seems to possess more coloring matter, more resin and less gum than the ordinary gamboge of commerce.  Gamboge owes its color to the fatty acid.  The resin must be regarded as the chief constituent, and is most abundant in that imported from Ceylon, which contains about 76 per cent., and is therefore best adapted for painting.  Gamboge also has its medicinal uses.

Various species of Lecanora, particularly L. tartarea, known as cudbear, are used in dyeing woollen yarn.  The Rocella tinctoria and fusiformis furnish the orchil, or orchilla weed of commerce, which is sometimes sold as a moist pulp, but usually in the form of dry cakes, known under the name of litmus; it produces a fine purple color.  Our imports, which have amounted to 6,000 or 7,000 cwts. annually, are derived chiefly from the Canary, Azores, and Cape Verd Islands.  Rock