Popes.

Paul IV., 1555. 
Pius IV., 1559. 
Pius V., 1565. 
Gregory XIII., 1572. 
Sixtus V., 1585. 
Urban VII., 1590. 
Gregory XIV., 1590.

Emperors of Germany.

Ferdinand I., 1556. 
Maximilian II. 1564. 
Rodolphus II. 1576.

France.

Henry II., 1547. 
Francis II., 1559. 
Charles IX., 1560. 
Henry III., 1574. 
Henry IV., 1589.

Popes.

Innocent IX. 1501. 
Clement VIII., 1592.

Scotland.

Mary, 1542. 
James VI., 1567.

* * * * *

Union of the two crowns of England and Scotland.

JAMES I. began his reign 24th March, 1603, ended 27th March, 1625.

Popes.

Clement VIII., 1592. 
Leo IX., 1605. 
Paul III., 1605. 
Gregory XV. 1621. 
Urban VIII. 1623.

Emperors of Germany.

Rodolphus II. 1576. 
Matthias I., 1612. 
Ferdinand III. 1619.

France.

Henry IV., 1589. 
Louis XIII., 1610.

Spain & Portugal.

Philip III., 1507. 
Philip IV., 1620.

Denmark.

Christian IV. 1588.

Sweden.

Sigismund, 1592. 
Charles IX., 1606. 
Gustavus II. 1611.

* * * * *

CHARLES I. began his reign 27th March, 1625, beheaded 30th Jan. 1648.

Popes.

Urban VIII. 1623. 
Innocent X., 1644.

Emperors of Germany.

Ferdinand II. 1619. 
Ferdinand III. 1637.

France.

Louis XIII., 1610. 
Louis XIV., 1643.

Spain & Portugal.

Philip IV., 1620.

Portugal only.

John IV., 1640.

Denmark.

Christian IV. 1583. 
Frederic III. 1648.

Sweden.

Gustavus II. 1611. 
Christiana, 1633.

* * * * *

The Inter-regnum and Usurpation under

OLIVER CROMWELL, from 30th Jan. 1648, to 29th May, 1660.

Popes.

Innocent X., 1644. 
Alexander VII., 1655.

Emperors of Germany.

Ferdinand III., 1637. 
Leopold I., 1658.

France.

Louis XIV., 1643.

Spain.