[185] Ploss and Bartels, Das Weib, Chapter XXX.

[186] Thus, in Cornwall, “to be in the longing way” is a popular synonym for pregnancy.

[187] The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a sacred or magic fruit (as J.F.  Campbell shows, Popular Tales of West Highlands, vol.  I, p. lxxv. et seq.), and the fruit of the forbidden tree which tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple.  One may perhaps refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and elsewhere the testicles have been called apples.  I may add that we find a curious proof of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old Portuguese ballad, “Donna Guimar,” in which a damsel puts on armour and goes to the wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an orchard, but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning away from the apples plucks a citron.

[188] A. Pinard, Art.  “Grossesse,” Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales, p. 138.  On the subject of violent, criminal and abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, “Pregnancy and Crime,” American Journal Obstetrics, December, 1903.

[189] See especially Ploss and Bartels, Das Weib, vol. i, Chapter XXXI.  Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the foetus adds Loango negroes, the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese.

[190] In 1731 Schurig, in his Syllepsilogia, devoted more than a hundred pages (cap.  IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.

[191] J.W.  Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of maternal impressions, reprinted in his Manual of Antenatal Pathology:  The Embryo, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items.  In Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch (under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), Das Versehen der Frauen, 1899.  Cf., in French, G. Variot, “Origine des Prejuges Populaires sur les Envies,” Bulletin Societe d’Anthropologie, Paris, June 18, 1891.  Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne speaks cautiously.

[192] J.G.  Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (Journal of American Medical Association, December 9, 1899.)

[193] J. Clifton Edgar, The Practice of Obstetrics, second edition, 1904, p. 296.  In an important discussion of the question at the American Gynaecological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various eminent gynaecologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less cautiously. (Transactions of the American Gynaecological Society, vol. xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data on the question (Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine, pp. 81, et seq.) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions seems fully established.  On the other side, see G.W.  Cook, American Journal of Obstetrics, September, 1889, and H.F.  Lewis, ib., July, 1899.