The second is rasa (taste), that quality of things which can be apprehended only by the tongue; these are sweet, sour, pungent (ka@tu), astringent (ka@saya) and bitter (tikta).  Only k@siti and ap have taste.  The natural taste of ap is sweetness.  Rasa like rupa also denotes the genus rasatva, and rasa as quality must be distinguished from rasa as genus, though both of them are apprehended by the tongue.

The third is gandha (odour), that quality which can be apprehended by the nose alone.  It belongs to k@siti alone.  Water

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[Footnote 1:  The reference is to Sautrantika Buddhism, “yo yo vruddhadhyasavan nasaveka@h.”  See Pa@n@ditas’oka’s Avayavinirakarana, Six Buddhist Nyaya tracts.

[Footnote 2:  The word “padartha” literally means denotations of words.]

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or air is apprehended as having odour on account of the presence of earth materials.

The fourth is spars’a (touch), that quality which can be apprehended only by the skin.  There are three kinds of touch, cold, hot, neither hot nor cold.  Spars’a belongs to k@siti; ap, tejas, and vayu.  The fifth s’abda (sound) is an attribute of akas’a.  Had there been no akas’a there would have been no sound.

The sixth is sa@mkhya (number), that entity of quality belonging to things by virtue of which we can count them as one, two, three, etc.  The conception of numbers two, three, etc. is due to a relative oscillatory state of the mind (apek@sabuddhi); thus when there are two jugs before my eyes, I have the notion—­This is one jug and that is another jug.  This is called apek@sabuddhi; then in the two jugs there arises the quality of twoness (dvitva) and then an indeterminate perception (nirvikalpa-dvitva-gu@na) of dvitva in us and then the determinate perceptions that there are the two jugs.  The conceptions of other numbers as well as of many arise in a similar manner [Footnote ref 1].

The seventh is parimiti (measure), that entity of quality in things by virtue of which we perceive them as great or small and speak of them as such.  The measure of the partless atoms is called parima@n@dala parima@na; it is eternal, and it cannot generate the measure of any other thing.  Its measure is its own absolutely; when two atoms generate a dyad (dvya@nuka) it is not the measure of the atom that generates the a@nu (atomic) and the hrasva (small) measure of the dyad molecule (dvya@nuka), for then the size (parima@na) of it would have been still smaller than the measure of the atom (parima@n@dala), whereas the measure of the dya@nuka is of a different kind, namely the small (hrasva) [Footnote ref 2].  Of course two atoms generate a dyad, but then the number (sa@mkhya) of the atom should be regarded as bringing forth a new kind of measure, namely the small (hrasva) measure in the dyads.  So again when three dyads (dya@nuka) compose a trya@nuka the number and not the measure “small”