[Footnote 363:  Tennyson, ‘Guinevere,’ 594.  The dragon standard first came into use amongst the Imperial insignia under Augustus, and the red dragon is mentioned by Nennius as already the emblem of Briton as opposed to Saxon.  The mediaeval Welsh poems speak of the legendary Uther, father of Arthur, as “Pendragon,” equivalent to Head-Prince, of Britain.]

[Footnote 364:  See Rhys, ‘Celtic Britain,’ pp. 116, 136.]

[Footnote 365:  Gildas (xxiii,) so calls him.]

[Footnote 366:  “The groans of the Britons” are said by Bede to have been forwarded to Aetius “thrice Consul,” i.e. in 446, on the eve of the great struggle with Attila.]

[Footnote 367:  Nennius (xxviii.) so calls them, and they are commonly supposed to have been clinker-built like the later Viking ships.  But Sidonius Apollinaris (455) speaks of them as a kind of coracle.  See p. 37.

    “Quin et Armorici piratam Saxona tractus Sperabant, cui
    pelle salum sulcare Britannum Ludus, et assuto glaucum
    mare findere lembo.”

    (’Carm.’ vii. 86.)]

[Footnote 368:  See Elton, ‘Origins,’ ch. xii.]

[Footnote 369:  Henry of Huntingdon, ‘Hist. of the English,’ ii. 1.]

[Footnote 370:  Nennius, xlix.  This is the reading of the oldest MSS.; others are Nimader sexa and Enimith saxas.  The regular form would be Nimap eowre seaxas.]

[Footnote 371:  A coin of Valentinian was discovered in the Cam valley in 1890.  On the reverse is a Latin Cross surrounded by a laurel wreath.]

[Footnote 372:  Cymry signifies confederate, and was the name (quite probably an older racial appellation revived) adopted by the Western Britons in their resistance to the Saxon advance.]

[Footnote 373:  Arthur is first mentioned (in Nennius and the ’Life of Gildas’) as a Damnonian “tyrant” (i.e. a popular leader with no constitutional status), fighting against “the kings of Kent.”  This notice must be very early—­before the West Saxons came in between Devon and the Kentish Jutes.  His early date is confirmed by his mythical exploits being located in every Cymric region—­Cornwall, Wales, Strathclyde, and even Brittany.]

[Footnote 374:  The ambition of Henry V. for Continental dominion was undoubtedly thus quickened.]

[Footnote 375:  Procopius, ‘De Bello Gothico,’ iv. 20.]

[Footnote 376:  These presumably represent the Saxons, who were next-door neighbours to the Frisians of Holland.  But Mr. Haverfield’s latest (1902) map makes Frisians by name occupy Lothian.]

[Footnote 377:  Ptolemy’s map shows how this error arose; Scotland, by some extraordinary blunder, being therein represented as an eastward extension at right angles to England, with the Mull of Galloway as its northernmost point.]

[Footnote 378:  This fable probably arose from the mythical visit of Ulysses (see p. 64 n.), who, as Claudian (’In Rut.’ i. 123) tells, here found the Mouth of Hades.]