[Footnote 271:  Dio Cassius, lxxii. 9.]

[Footnote 272:  Julius Capitolinus, ‘Pertinax,’ c. 3.]

[Footnote 273:  Orosius, ‘Hist’ 17.]

[Footnote 274:  Herodian, ‘Hist.’ iii. 20.]

[Footnote 275:  Lucius Septimus Severus.]

[Footnote 276:  Herodian, ‘Hist.  III.’ 46.  He is a contemporary authority.]

[Footnote 277:  Also called Bassianus.  His throne name was Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Pius.]

[Footnote 278:  Publius Septimus Geta Antoninus Pius.]

[Footnote 279:  Aelius Spartianus, ‘Severus,’ c. 23.]

[Footnote 280:  Dion Cassius, lxxvi. 12.]

[Footnote 281:  Severus gave as a mot d’ordre to his soldiers the “No quarter” proclamation of Agamemnon. (’Iliad,’ vi. 57):  [Greek:  ton metis hupekphugoi aipun olethron].]

[Footnote 282:  Dion Cassius, lxxvi. 12.]

[Footnote 283:  See p. 195.]

[Footnote 284:  Aurelius Victor (20) makes him (as Mommsen and others think) restore Antonine’s rampart:  “vallum per xxxii. passuum millia a mari ad mare.”  But more probably xxxii. is a misreading for lxxii.]

[Footnote 285:  The very latest spade-work on the Wall (undertaken by Messrs. Haverfield and Bosanquet in 1901) shows that the original wall and ditch ran through the midst of the great fortresses of Chesters and Birdoswald, which are now astride, so to speak, of the Wall; pointing to the conclusion that Severus rebuilt and enlarged them.  In various places along the Wall itself the stones bear traces of mortar on their exterior face, showing that they have been used in some earlier work.]

[Footnote 286:  This is the number per lineam valli given in the ‘Notitia.’  Only twelve have been certainly identified.  They are commonly known as “stations.”]

[Footnote 287:  Antiquaries have given these structures the name of “mile-castles.”  They are usually some fifty feet square.]

[Footnote 288:  The familiar name of “Wallsend” coals reminds us of this connection between the Tynemouth colliery district and the Wall’s end.]

[Footnote 289:  So puzzling is the situation that high authorities on the subject are found to contend that the work was perfunctorily thrown up, in obedience to mistaken orders issued by the departmental stupidity of the Roman War Office, that in reality it was never either needed or used, and was obsolete from the very outset.  But this suggestion can scarcely be taken as more than an elaborate confession of inability to solve the nodus.]

[Footnote 290:  It should be noted that the “Vallum” is no regular Roman muris caespitius like the Rampart of Antoninus, though traces have been found here and there along the line of some intention to construct such a work (see ‘Antiquary,’ 1899, p. 71).]

[Footnote 291:  In more than one place the line of fortification swerves from its course to sweep round a station.]