Hemachandra who died in the year 1172 A.D.  The last is certainly false if the assertion, accepted by most authorities, that Buddha’s death falls between the years 482 and 472 B.C. is correct.  For the Buddhist tradition maintains that the last Jaina Tirhakara died during Buddha’s lifetime (see p. 34).] they sprang from the same period and the same religious movement in opposition to Brahmanism.  This question, was formerly, and is still sometimes, answered in agreement with the first theory, pointing out the undoubted defects in it, to justify the rejection of the Jaina tradition, and even declaring it to be a late and intentional fabrication.  In spite of this the second explanation is the right one, because the Buddhists themselves confirm the statements of the Jainas about their prophet.  Old historical traditions and inscriptions prove the independent existence of the sect of the Jainas even during the first five centuries after Buddha’s death, and among the inscriptions are some which clear the Jaina tradition not only from the suspicion of fraud but bear powerful witness to its honesty. [Footnote:  Apart from the ill-supported supposition of Colebrooke, Stevenson and Thomas, according to which Buddha was a disloyal disciple of the founder of the Jainas, there is the view held by H. H. Wilson, A. Weber, and Lassen, and generally accepted till twenty-five years ago, that the Jainas are an old sect of the Buddhists.  This was based, on the one hand, upon the resemblance of the Jaina doctrines, writings, and traditions to those of the Buddhists, on the other, on the fact that the canonical works of the Jainas show a more modern dialect than those of the Buddhists, and that authentic historical proofs of their early existence are wanting.  I was myself formerly persuaded of the correctness of this view and even thought I recognised the Jainas in the Buddhist school of the Sammatiya.  On a more particular examination of Jaina literature, to which I was forced on account of the collection undertaken for the English Government in the seventies, I found that the Jainas had changed their name and were always, in more ancient times, called Nirgrantha or Niga[n.][t.]ha.  The observation that the Buddhists recognise the Niga[n.][t.]ha and relate of their head and founder, that he was a rival of Buddha’s and died at Pava where the last Tirthakara is said to have attained Nirva[n.]a, caused me to accept the view that the Jainas and the Buddhists sprang from the same religious movement.  My supposition was confirmed by Jacobi, who reached the like view by another course, independently of mine (see Zeitschrift der Deutsch Morg.  Ges.  Bd.  XXXV, S. 669.  Note 1), pointing out that the last Tirthakara in the Jaina canon bears the same name as among the Buddhists.  Since the publication of our results in the Ind.  Ant.  Vol.  VII, p. 143 and in Jacobi’s introduction to his edition of the Kalpasutra, which have been further verified by Jacobi with great penetration,