To the other powers of the General Government the same remarks are applicable and with greater force.  The right to regulate commerce with foreign powers was necessary as well to enable Congress to lay and collect duties and imposts as to support the rights of the nation in the intercourse with foreign powers.  It is executed at the ports of the several States and operates almost altogether externally.  The right to borrow and coin money and to fix its value and that of foreign coin are important to the establishment of a National Government, and particularly necessary in support of the right to declare war, as, indeed, may be considered the right to punish piracy and felonies on the high seas and offenses against the laws of nations.  The right to establish an uniform rule of naturalization and uniform laws respecting bankruptcies seems to be essentially connected with the right to regulate commerce.  The first branch of it relates to foreigners entering the country; the second to merchants who have failed.  The right to promote the progress of useful arts and sciences may be executed without touching any of the individual States.  It is accomplished by granting patents to inventors and preserving models, which may be done exclusively within the Federal district.  The right to constitute courts inferior to the Supreme Court was a necessary consequence of the judiciary existing as a separate branch of the General Government.  Without such inferior court in every State it would be difficult and might even be impossible to carry into effect the laws of the General Government.  The right to establish post-offices and post-roads is essentially of the same character.  For political, commercial, and social purposes it was important that it should be vested in the General Government.  As a mere matter of regulation, and nothing more, I presume, was intended by it, it is a power easily executed and involving little authority within the States individually.  The right to exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over the Federal district and over forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings with the consent of the State within which the same may be is a power of a peculiar character, and is sufficient in itself to confirm what has been said of all the other powers of the General Government.  Of this particular grant further notice will hereafter be taken.

I shall conclude my remarks on this part of the subject by observing that the view which has been presented of the powers and character of the two Governments is supported by the marked difference which is observable in the manner of their endowment.  The State governments are divided into three branches—­a legislative, executive, and judiciary—­and the appropriate duties of each assigned to it without any limitation of power except such as is-necessary to guard against abuse, in the form of bills of right.  But in instituting the National Government an entirely different principle