and of personal liberty are also among the highest attributes of sovereignty.  This, without other evidence, is sufficient to show that the great office of the Constitution of the United States is to unite the States together under a Government endowed with powers adequate to the purposes of its institution, relating, directly or indirectly, to foreign concerns, to the discharge of which a National Government thus formed alone could be competent.

This view of the exclusive jurisdiction of the several States over the territory within their respective limits, except in cases otherwise specially provided for, is supported by the obvious intent of the several powers granted to Congress, to which a more particular attention is now due.  Of these the right to declare war is perhaps the most important, as well by the consequences attending war as by the other powers granted in aid of it.  The right to lay taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, though necessary for the support of the civil government, is equally necessary to sustain the charges of war; the right to raise and support armies and a navy and to call forth and govern the militia when in the service of the United States are altogether of the latter kind.  They are granted in aid of the power to make war and intended to give effect to it.  These several powers are of great force and extent, and operate more directly within the limits and upon the resources of the States than any of the other powers.  But still they are means only for given ends.  War is declared and must be maintained, an army and a navy must be raised, fortifications must be erected for the common defense, debts must be paid, For these purposes duties, imposts, and excises are levied, taxes are laid, the lands, merchandise, and other property of the citizens are liable for them; if the money is not paid, seizures are made and the lands are sold.  The transaction is terminated; the lands pass into other hands, who hold them, as the former proprietors did, under the laws of the individual States.  They were means only to certain ends; the United States have nothing further to do with them.  The same view is applicable to the power of the General Government over persons.  The militia is called into the service of the United States; the service is performed; the corps returns to the State to which it belongs; it is the militia of such State, and not of the United States.  Soldiers are required for the Army, who may be obtained by voluntary enlistment or by some other process founded in the principles of equality.  In either case the citizen after the tour of duty is performed is restored to his former station in society, with his equal share in the common sovereignty of the nation.  In all these cases, which are the strongest which can be given, we see that the right of the General Government is nothing more than what it is called in the Constitution, a power to perform certain acts, and that the subject on which it operates is a means only to that end; that it was both before and after that act under the protection and subject to the laws of the individual State within which it was.