In the 1970s, the use of ST surged in the United States, with smokers showing a preference for moist snuff. It is increasingly evident that youngsters and adolescents are using ST products much more than they did in the recent past—of the six million users ST users in the U.S. in 1995, up to 25 percent were aged nineteen or younger (Lewis, Harrell, Deng, & Bradley, 1999). This resurgence of popularity over the last thirty years has been attributed to innovative advertising campaigns by tobacco companiesthat used sports superstars, cowboy celebrities, and entertainers to promote their products. These campaigns represented an attempt to overcome or erase the old, unsanitary image of the habit, and replace it with a manly or "macho" image (Christen et al., 1982; Shelton, 1982; Glover, Christen, & Henderson, 1981, 1982).
NICOTINE, a dependence-producing drug found in ST, is the same drug that is found in smoking tobacco. Cigarette smokers inhale smoke containing nicotine into their lungs, and the nicotine is then transported into the bloodstream. ST users absorb nicotine directly through the lining of their mouths. Each time smokers smoke a cigarette, they absorb approximately 1 milligram of nicotine into their system. By comparison, people who use chewing tobacco receive approximately 4.5 milligrams of nicotine per chaw, and people who use snuff receive approximately 3.6 milligrams of nicotine per pinch (Benowitz, 1988).
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