Jn the late 1950s Alex Haley (1921-92) was a struggling African American magazine writer. His research for an article on the Nation of Islam led, in turn, to Haley's writing of an autobiography as told to him by one of the most controversial African Americans of his day, Malcolm X. When approached about the idea, the thirtyseven- year-old Malcolm hesitated but then agreed, deciding that the story of his life might be of benefit to others.
Passive resistance. On December 1, 1955, the civil rights-era tenet of passive resistance was born in Montgomery, Alabama, when Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., a pastor in the city, organized a boycott of the Montgomery city buses. King was responding to the arrest of Rosa Parks, a black seamstress who had refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. Over a year after the boycott began, the federal courts ruled that the law requiring blacks to sit at the back of Montgomery's buses was unconstitutional.
The success of the boycott made King the subject of international headlines.
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