Sedative and Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Sedatives are drugs that decrease activity and have a calming, relaxing effect. People use these drugs mainly to reduce anxiety. At higherdoses, sedatives usually cause sleep. Drugs used mainly to cause sleep are called hypnotics. The difference between sedatives and hypnotics, then, is usually the amount of the dose—lower doses have a calming effect and higher doses cause sleep.
Currently, the most commonly prescribed sedatives are benzodiazepines, such as Valium. These drugs are also known as minor tranquilizers. Before the development of benzodiazepines in the 1950s and 1960s, doctors most often prescribed barbiturates to cause sleep and sedation. Because barbiturates have a high potential for abuse, doctors today rarely prescribe them. The exception is phenobarbital (Luminal), which is still used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant.
Sedative-hypnotics can produce side effects in some people, especially the elderly and the very young. Elderly patients who need a sedative-hypnotic sometimes take chloral derivatives, which include chloral hydrate. These drugs are less likely to cause restlessness in older patients who suffer from confusion or dementia. They are also relatively safe to give to children for sedation before or after surgery. Chloral derivatives can, however, cause stomach irritation and rashes.
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