Religion
This entry is not a survey of the various forms that "religion" has taken in human history; rather, it treats the nature of religion as a problem in the philosophy of religion. It will be concerned with attempts to develop an adequate definition of religion, that is, to make explicit the basic features of the concept of religion.
General Definition and Characteristics
Examination of Definitions
A survey of existing definitions reveals many different interpretations.
"Religion is the belief in an ever living God, that is, in a Divine Mind and Will ruling the Universe and holding moral relations with mankind."—James Martineau
"Religion is the recognition that all things are manifestations of a Power which transcends our knowledge."—Herbert Spencer
"By religion, then, I understand a propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of Nature and of human life."—J. G. Frazer
"Religion is rather the attempt to express the complete reality of goodness through every aspect of our being."—F. H. Bradley
"Religion is ethics heightened, enkindled, lit up by feeling."—Matthew Arnold
"It seems to me that it [religion] may best be described as an emotion resting on a conviction of a harmony between ourselves and the universe at large."—J.
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