Ignatius of Loyola (1491–1556), founder of the Jesuit order and author of the
Spiritual Exercises. Following ordination to the priesthood in 1932, Rahner commenced study for his doctoral thesis in philosophy at Freiburg, while at the same time attending lectures by Martin Heidegger, whose philosophy of Dasein, or "being in the world," was to be the other primary philosophical influence upon him. His dissertation, a response to Kant's critique of theoretical metaphysics by means of the transcendental Thomism of Maréchal and the existentialism of Heidegger, was rejected by his doctoral director, Martin Honecker, for its departure from more traditional neo-Scholastic interpretations of Aquinas's epistemology, but was later published as
Geist in Welt (Spirit in the world).
After failing the doctorate in philosophy, Rahner returned to Austria, where he successfully completed his second dissertation, this time in theology, at Innsbruck in 1936 and was appointed as Privatdozent (lecturer) in the faculty of theology of the University of Innsbruck in 1937. That summer he delivered a series of lectures to the Salzburg summer school on the "Foundations of a Philosophy of Religion," later published as Hörer des Wortes (Hearer[s] of the word).
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