Oceanography
Oceanography, the study of the oceans, is a combination of the sciences of biology, chemistry, geology, physics, and meteorology.
Ancient explorers of the ocean were sailors and fishermen who learned about marine biology by observing the sea life and discovering when it was most plentiful. They observed the effects of wind, currents, and tides, and learned how to use them to their advantage or to avoid them. These early humans discovered that salt could be retrieved from seaweed and grasses.
Polynesians combined what they knew about the weather, winds, and currents to investigate the Pacific Ocean, while the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Arabs explored the Mediterranean Sea. The early Greeks in general and Herodotus (484–428 B.C.) in particular believed that the world was round. Herodotus performed studies of the Mediterranean, which helped sailors of his time. He was able to take depth measurements of the sea floor by using the fathom as a unit of measure, which was the length of a man's outstretched arms. Today the fathom has been standardized to measure 6 ft (1.8 m) in length.
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) also studied marine life. One of his contemporaries, a geographer by the name of Poseidarius, studied the tides and their relationship to the phases of the Moon.
Pliny the Elder A.D.23–79) was a Roman naturalist who discovered, by studying marine biology, that some organisms had medicinal uses. One of his predecessors, Seneca (4 B.C.–A.D.65) predicted that interest in the oceans would fade and "a huge land would be revealed," foreshadowing the age of exploration and discovery of the New World. A period of about 1,000 years followed when no new studies were done until the fifteenth century. Christopher Columbus performed oceanographic studies on his voyages.
Captain James Cook, the explorer, was one of the first scientists to study the oceans' natural history. A surge in scientific studies took place in the seventeenth century, during which scientists tried for the first time to combine the scientific method with sailors' knowledge.
U.S. Navy lieutenant Matthew Fontaine Maury (1806–1873) is considered the father of modern oceanography. It was during the nineteenth century that the name was given to the science.
In December 1872, the British ship HMS Challenger began a four-year journey, which lasted until May of 1876. This was the first major study of the ocean approached from a scientific viewpoint, and since that time significant strides have been made. The advent of submersible vehicles allowed for first-hand study of the ocean floor and the water above it. In 1900, Prince Albert of Monaco established two institutes to study oceanography.
Two areas of focus within oceanography today are physical and chemical oceanography. Physical oceanography is the study of ocean basin structures, water and sediment transportation, and the interplay between ocean water, air and sediments and how this relationship affects processes such as tides, upwellings, temperature, and salinity. Findings aid oceanic engineers, coastal planners, and military defense strategists. Current areas of research also include oceanic circulation, especially ocean currents and their role in predicting weather-related events, and changes in sea level and climate.
Chemical oceanography investigates the chemical make-up of the oceans. Many studies in this area are geared to understanding how to use the oceans' resources to produce food for a growing population.
Even though the study of the oceans has entered the technological age, there is much still unexplored and unknown. Oceanographers of the 1990s use satellites to study changes in salt levels, temperature, currents, biological events, and transportation of sediments. Deep-sea studies are underway using unmanned robotic submersible craft to study ocean floor hydrothermal vents, sea-floor spreading, and subduction zones that lie beneath the ocean floor. As scientists develop new technologies, the future will open new doors to the study of oceanography.
Bathymetric Mapping; Beach and Shoreline Dynamics; Continental Drift Theory; Continental Shelf; Convergent Plate Boundary; Coral Reefs and Corals; Delta; Depositional Environments; Desalination; Douglas Sea Scale; Dunes; Earth (Planet); Earth Science; Earth, Interior Structure; El Nino and La Nina Phenomena; Geothermal Deep Ocean Vents; Global Warming; Gulf of Mexico; Gulf Stream; Guyots and Atolls; Hawaiian Island Formation; History of Exploration Ii (Age of Exploration); Hydrogeology; Hydrologic Cycle; Hydrothermal Processes; Icebergs; Land and Sea Breeze; Latitude and Longitude; Marine Transgression and Marine Regression; Mid-Ocean Ridges and Rifts; Ocean Circulation and Currents; Ocean Trenches; Oceans and Seas; Offshore Bars; Petroleum; Radar and Sonar; Red Tide; Saltwater Encroachment; Seawalls and Beach Erosion; Tides; Wave Motions
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