President Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced the phrase military-industrial complex in his farewell address of January 17, 1961, using it to refer to the combination of the large defense apparatus established to wage the Cold War (1946–1991) and the massive sector of the U.S. economy devoted to weapons procurement, research, and development. As a fiscal conservative, Eisenhower regretted the costs of global containment of communism, which was the principal strategy of both Democratic and Republican administrations until the 1980s. He once described the armaments race as "theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold and are not clothed … humanity hanging from a cross of iron" (Eisenhower, "The Chance for Peace"). By the end of his presidency, he feared the social consequences of the combination of defense and industrial interests. "In the councils of government we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether...