Measurements

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Measurement Summary

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Measurements

Data Unit	Abbreviation	Equivalent (Data Storage)	Power of Ten
Byte	B	8 bits	1 byte
Kilobyte	K, KB	2¹⁰ = 1,024 bytes	1,000 (one thousand) bytes
Megabyte	M, MB	2²⁰ = 1,048,576 bytes	1,000,000 (one million) bytes
Gigabyte	GB	2³⁰ = 1,073,741,824 bytes	1,000,000,000 (one billion) bytes
Terabyte	TB	2⁴⁰ = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes	1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion) bytes
Petabyte	PB	2⁵⁰ = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes	1,000,000,000,000,000 (one quadrillion) bytes
Time	Abbreviation	Equivalent	Additional Information
femtosecond	fs, fsec	10^-15 seconds	1 quadrillionth of a second
picosecond	ps, psec	10^-12 seconds	1 trillionth of a second
nanosecond	ns, nsec	10^-9 seconds	1 billionth of a second
microsecond	μs, μsec	10^-6 seconds	1 millionth of a second
millisecond	ms, msec	10^-3 seconds	1 thousandth of a second
second	s, sec	1/60 of a minute; 1/3,600 of an hour	1 sixtieth of a minute; 1 thirty-six hundredths of an hour
minute	m, min	60 seconds; 1/60 of an hour	1 sixtieth of an hour
hour	h, hr	60 minutes; 3,600 seconds
day	d	24 hours; 1,440 minutes; 86,400 seconds
year	y, yr	365 days; 8,760 hours
1,000 hours		1.3888… months (1.4 months)	1,000 ÷ (30 days × 24 hours)
8,760 hours		1 year	365 days × 24 hours
1 million hours		114.15525… years	1,000,000÷8,760
1 billion hours		∼114,200… years	1,000 × 114.15525…
1 trillion hours		∼114,200,000 years	1,000 × 114,200
Length	Abbreviation	Equivalent	Additional Information
nanometer	nm	10^-9 meters (1 billionth of a meter)	∼4/100,000,000 of an inch; ∼1/25,000,000 of an inch
micrometer	μm	10^-6 meter (1 millionth of a meter)	∼4/100,000 of an inch; ∼1/25,000 of an inch
millimeter	mm	10^-3 meter (1 thousandth of a meter)	∼4/100 of an inch; ∼1/25 of an inch; (2/5 × 1/10)
centimeter	cm	10^-2 meter (1 hundredth of a meter); ∼1/2.54 of an inch	∼2/5 of an inch (1 inch = 2.54 centimeters, exactly)
meter	m	100 centimeters; 3.2808 feet	∼3 1/3 feet or 1.1 yards
kilometer	km	1,000 meters; 0.6214 miles	∼3/5 of a mile
mile	mi	5,280 feet; 1.6093 kilometers	1.6 × 10³ meters
Volume	Abbreviation	Equivalent	Additional Information
microliter	μl	1/1,000,000 liter	1 millionth of a liter
milliliter	ml	1/1,000 liter; 1 cubic centimeter	1 thousandth of a liter
centiliter	cl	1/100 liter	1 hundredth of a liter
liter	l	100 centiliters; 1,000 milliliters; 1,000,000 microliters; 1.0567 quarts (liquid)	∼1.06 quarts (liquid)

Base 2 (Binary)	Decimal (Base 10) Equivalent	Approximations to Powers of Ten
2⁰	1
2¹	2
2²	4
2³	8
2⁴	16
2⁵	32
2⁶	64
2⁷	128	10²; 100; one hundred; 1 followed by 2 zeros
2⁸	256
2⁹	512
2¹⁰	1,024	10³; 1,000; one thousand; 1 followed by 3 zeros
2¹¹	2,048
2¹²	4,096
2¹³	8,192
2¹⁴	16,384
2¹⁵	32,768
2¹⁶	65,536
2¹⁷	131,072
2¹⁸	262,144
2¹⁹	524,288
2²⁰	1,048,576	10⁶; 1,000,000; one million; 1 followed by 6 zeros
2²¹	2,097,152
2²²	4,194,304
2²³	8,388,608
2²⁴	16,777,216
2²⁵	33,554,432
2²⁶	67,108,864
2²⁷	134,217,728
2²⁸	268,435,456
2²⁹	536,870,912
2³⁰	1,073,741,824	10⁹; 1,000,000,000; one billion; 1 followed by 9 zeros
2³¹	2,147,483,648
2³²	4,294,967,296
2³³	8,589,934,592
2³⁴	17,179,869,184
2³⁵	34,359,738,368
2³⁶	68,719,476,736
2³⁷	137,438,953,472
2³⁸	274,877,906,944
2³⁹	549,755,813,888
2⁴⁰	1,099,511,627,776	10¹²; 1,000,000,000,000; one trillion; 1 followed by 12 zeros
2⁵⁰	1,125,899,906,842,624	10¹⁵; 1,000,000,000,000,000; one quadrillion; 1 followed by 15 zeros
2¹⁰⁰	1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,3 76	10³⁰; 1 followed by 30 zeros
2^-1	1/2
2^-2	1/4
2^-3	1/8
2^-4	1/16
2^-5	1/32
2^-6	1/64
2^-7	1/128	1/100; 10^-2; 0.01; 1 hundredth
2^-8	1/256
2^-9	1/512
2^-10	1/1,024	1 /1000; 10^-3; 0.001; 1 thousandth

Base 16 (Hexadecimal)	Binary (Base 2) Equivalent	Decimal (Base 10) Equivalent	Approximations to Powers of Ten
16⁰	2⁰	1
16¹	2⁴	16
16²	2⁸	256	2 × 10²; 2 hundred
16³	2¹²	4,096	4 × 10³; 4 thousand
16⁴	2¹⁶	65,536	65 × 10³; 65 thousand
16⁵	2²⁰	1,048,576	1 × 10⁶; 1 million
16⁶	2²⁴	16,777,216
16⁷	2²⁸	268,435,456
16⁸	2³²	4,294,967,296	4 × 10⁹; 4 billion
16⁹	2³⁶	68,719,476,736	68 × 10⁹; 68 billion
16¹⁰	2⁴⁰	1,099,511,627,776	1 × 10¹²; 1 trillion
16^-1	2^-4	1/16
16^-2	2^-8	1/256
16^-3	2^-12	1/4,096	1/4 × 10^-3; 1/4-thousandth
16^-4	2^-16	1/65,536
16^-5	2^-20	1/1,048,576	10^-6; 1 millionth
16^-8	2^-32	1/4,294,967,296	1/4 × 10^-9; 1/4-billionth
16^-10	2^-40	1/1,099,511,627,776	10^-12; 1 trillionth
Base 10 (Decimal)	Equivalent	Verbal Equivalent
10⁰	1
10¹	10
10²	100	1 hundred
10³	1,000	1 thousand
10⁴	10,000
10⁵	100,000
10⁶	1,000,000	1 million
10⁷	10,000,000
10⁸	100,000,000
10⁹	1,000,000,000	1 billion
10¹⁰	10,000,000,000
10¹¹	100,000,000,000
10¹²	1,000,000,000,000	1 trillion
10¹⁵	1,000,000,000,000,000	1 quadrillion
10^-1	1/10	1 tenth
10^-2	1/100	1 hundredth
10^-3	1/1,000	1 thousandth
10^-6	1/1,000,000	1 millionth
10^-9	1/1,000,000,000	1 billionth
10^-12	1/1,000,000,000,000	1 trillionth
10^-15	1/1,000,000,000,000,000	1 quadrillionth

Sizes of and Distance to Objects	Equivalent	Additional Information
Diameter of Electron (classical)	5.6 × 10^-13 centimeters	5.6 × 10^-13 centimeters; roughly 10^-12 centimeters
Mass of Electron	9.109 × 10^-28 grams	roughly 10^-27 grams (1 gram = 0.0353 ounce)
Diameter of Proton	10^-15 meters	10^-13 centimeters
Mass of Proton	1.67 × 10^-24 grams	roughly 10^-24 grams (about 1,836 times the mass of electron)
Diameter of Neutron	10^-15 meters	10^-13 centimeters
Mass of Neutron	1.673 × 10^-24 grams	roughly 10^-24 grams (about 1,838 times the mass of electron)
Diameter of Atom (Electron Cloud)	ranges from 1 × 10^-10 to 5 × 10^-10 meters;	∼10^-10 meters; ∼ 10^-8 centimeters; ∼ 3.94 10 × 9 inches (roughly 4 billionth of an inch across or 1/250 millionth of an inch across)
Diameter of Atomic Nucleus	10^-14 meters	∼10^-12 centimeters (10,000 times smaller than an atom)
Atomic Mass (Atomic Mass Unit)	1.66 × 10^-27 kilograms	One atomic mass unit (amu) is equal to 1.66 10^-24 grams
Diameter of (standard) Pencil	6 millimeters (0.236 inches)	roughly 10^-2 meters
Height (average) of Man and Woman	man: 1.75 meters (5 feet, 8 inches) woman: 1.63 meters (5 feet, 4 inches)	human height roughly 2 × 10⁰ meters; 1/804.66 miles; 10^-3 miles
Height of Mount Everest	8,850 meters (29,035 feet)	∼ 5.5 miles; roughly 10⁴ meters
Radius (mean equatorial) of Earth	6,378.1 kilometers (3,960.8 miles)	∼ 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles); roughly 6.4 10⁶ meters
Diameter (polar) of Earth	12,713.6 kilometers (7,895.1 miles)	∼ 12,800 kilometers (8,000 miles); roughly 1.28 × 10⁷ meters (Earth's diameter is twice the Earth's radius)
Circumference (based on mean equatorial radius) of Earth	40,075 kilometers (24,887 miles)	∼ 40,000 kilometers (25,000 miles) (about 8 times the width of the United States) (Circumference = 2 × φ × Earth's radius)
Distance from Earth to Sun	149,600,000 kilometers (92,900,000 miles)	∼ 93,000,000 miles; ∼ 8.3 light-minutes; roughly 10¹¹ meters; roughly 10⁸ miles
Distance to Great Nebula in Andromeda Galaxy	2.7 × 10¹⁹ kilometers (1.7 × 10¹⁹ miles)	∼ 2.9 million light-years; roughly 10²² meters; roughly 10¹⁹ miles

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