Hormonal Regulation
All types of cells are capable of receiving signals from their environment and mounting an appropriate response to the signal, such as chemotaxis toward a nutrient source or toward other cells emitting a pheromone. Thekey difference between microorganisms and more-complex plants and animals is that the former are largely independent, with each cell in contact with the environment. In contrast, more complex plants and animals are self-contained entities whose interior is mostly insulated from the environment. Animals have complex organ systems, with each organ specialized for a particular function. Therefore, the survival of the organism depends on the precise regulation of growth, differentiation, and metabolism in different groups of cells throughout the animal.
The endocrine system is the set of glands and other tissues responsible for coordinating cellular growth and differentiation, many aspects of
| NUCLEAR RECEPTOR PARTNERS FOR RXR |
| Receptor | Hormone | Function |
| retinoic acid receptor (RAR) | all-trans retinoic acid (vitamin A derivative) | regulates important aspects of early embryonic development |
| thyroid hormone receptor (TR) | triiodothyronine | controls the body's basal metabolic rate |
| vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) | vitamin D3 | regulates calcium homeostasis, other functions |
| fatty acid receptor (PPAR) | fatty acid and eicosanoid ligands | regulates fat metabolism and the the body's ability to utilize insulin |
| bile acid receptor (FXR) | bile acid | regulates the transport of bile acids and cholesterol out of the cell |
| oxysterol receptor (LXR) | oxysterol | regulates the formation of bile acids from cholesterol |
| benzoate receptor (BXR) | unknown | unknown |
| steroid and xenobiotic receptor (SXR) | multiple compounds | regulates degradative and detoxification enzymes |
| constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) | multiple compounds | regulates degradative and detoxification enzymes |
reproduction and embryological development, the maintenance of homeostasis, and a variety of cyclical phenomena (e.g., reproductive cycles).
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