Topography
The topography of Georgia is mainly mountainous, with the great Caucasus Mountains in the north and lesser Caucasus Mountains in the south. The Kolkhida Lowland opens to the Black Sea in the west and the Kura River basin lies in the east. Good soils occur in the river valley flood plains and in the foothills of the Kolkhida Lowland.
Climate
Georgia's climate along the Black Sea coast is Mediterranean. Farther inland the climate is continental, with warm summers and cold winters. July's mean temperature is 23°C (73.8°F). The mean temperature in January is -3°C (27.3°F). The annual rainfall in Georgia is 51 cm (20 in).
Flora and Fauna
The country's land is composed of gently rolling plains. The Caucasus Mountains in Georgia begin a series of high mountains in Central Asia. The subtropical zone of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus Mountains has a distinctive vegetation: woods of black alder, oak, elm, and beech with a profusion of lianas and an admixture of evergreens. Mountain goats, Caucasian goats, Caucasian antelope, European wild boar, porcupine, and the leopard inhabit the Caucasus, and reptiles and amphibious creatures abound.
Environment
Georgia suffers from pollution of its air, water, and soil.
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