Dao and De
DAO AND DE, the "way" and "virtue," respectively, are basic Chinese philosophical concepts with particular relevance in the Daoist tradition. They are important separately as politico-philosophical and religious terms. Joined as a binomial, dao-de appears first in the third century BCE and plays a key role in religious Daoist speculation. In modern Chinese, dao-de means "morality."
Dao is the word for "road" or "pathway." It has no other sense in the earliest texts—that is, in the oracle bones of the Shang dynasty (c. 1200 BCE). By the time of the Eastern Zhou (770–256 BCE), dao comes to mean the correct or natural way something is done, especially in the actions of rulers and kings (Vandermeersch, 1980). Used as a verb, dao also means to "show the way," "tell," or "guide," and hence gains the meaning "teaching" or "doctrine." In both these senses, the term is central to the various philosophical schools of ancient China and the formulation of political doctrines; it often designates a meta-way of talking about specific ideas or political measures (Hansen, 1992). A. C. Graham accordingly entitled his volume on ancient Chinese thought Disputers of the Tao (1989).
In the philosophical texts, dao means both "the way the universe operates" and "the teachings people follow." Thus, the Lunyu (the Analects or "Sayings of Confucius," dated to about 400 BCE) speaks of the "dao of the ancient kings" and says a state "has dao" if it is well governed.
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