Research Article: Catastrophism

In 1908 over Tunguska, Russia, an object that is believed to have been either a comet or a stony meteorite exploded with the force of a nuclear bomb. If it had happened over an urban area instead of over Siberian wilderness, the loss of life would have been immense. AP/Wide World. Reproduced by permission.

Catastrophism is the argument that Earth's features—including mountains, valleys, and lakes—primarily formed and shaped as a result of the periodic but sudden forces as opposed to gradual change that takes...
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