At the time that Ibn Rushd was working, the philosophical curriculum was largely Neoplatonic, and this is because the Greek tradition of philosophy was transmitted to the Islamic world via the Neoplatonic tradition. But some thinkers like Ibn Rushd were perceptive enough to realize that there were discrepancies between Aristotle—very much his hero—and the Neoplatonists, who were represented at the time by the thought of Ibn Sīnā. In his defense of philosophy in the Tahāfut al-Tahāfut, for instance, Ibn Rushd not only seeks to refute al-Ghazālī's attack on philosophy, but he also tries to argue with Ibn Sīnā's particular Neoplatonic philosophy. In fact, he manages to link al-Ghazālī, the critic of philosophy, with Ibn Sīnā, its main representative. Al-Ghazālī argues that causality is nothing more than the way in which people interpret God's bringing...