The filters are normally placed in the return air, just before the heating and cooling components. Provision may be made for fresh outdoor air to be added to recirculated room air. A hydronic heating system uses hot water to convey heat from a boiler to radiators, convectors, or wall and floor panel coils. Most steam heating systems use boiler-produced steam to heat buildings via radiators, convectors, or heating coils placed in ductwork. Heating systems may employ humidifiers in winter to counter the drying effect of heated air, particularly in forced-air systems.
Summer comfort cooling can increase electrical loads as much as 50 percent over average consumption. The most uncomfortable summer days, those with both high temperature and high relative humidity, increase both sensible and latent system load. The sensible load increases because the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature is greater, requiring the cooling system to move heat to a higher level. The latent load increases as humidity rises, since the cooling system must extract more moisture from the air.
Many air conditioning systems use simple thermostats to cycle equipment; however, more sophisticated control systems employing electronics and microprocessors can reduce energy consumption.
Automotive air conditioning systems provide simple heating and cooling/dehumidification functions.
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