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Roman empire was the powerful empire at the time. However, I'm pretty sure that other religious groups, and religions effected Roman empire. Now, the reason why catholic church effected Roman empire the most, is that at the time when Roman empire capture other contries. The Roman empire had two empires, which is the west empire(BC 753~ AD 476) and the east empire(BC 753~AD 1453). They were in a same time, but east empire was a bit longer and stronger than west empire. Usually, when we learn about Roman empire in A.P. Euro, it usually means east empire. An east Roman empire grew up from south part of Italy(these days). At that time, the east Roman empire had a desire to occupy all the Europe. At that time, the whole Europe had Catholic for religion, because Europeans had a invasion by Romans, so they had to get a protection, and they felt safe with Catholic. After the East Roman empire occupied the whole Europe, they had religion nothing but a Catholic. Hence, that's why the Catholic church effected Roman empire.
The reasons were as follows: 1.The church and state existed side by side on mutual symbiotic principles as at the and 2. there were no,'fifth ammendments' as to fundamental human rights then, so 3.oppressing dissident voice could only be achieved by coercion as happened in the spanish inquisition before the protestanism succeeded in England.4.The empire also ensured that tributes were collected forcefully using God and service to him as an undercover. 5.The church wanted eternal dominion since power intoxicates so the only way to maintain a very long lasting dominion is to have a force of loyalists who could enforce your laws no matter how bad hence the empire became a good choice. 6.Protection of thw worshippers.The pagan practices that were adopted by the church in a cultural vertical mix up might have had as a precondition for its operation, and support by the pagan peasants, the idea of one authority, to secure these worshippers. 7.Prophecy:Daniel prophecy stated that the roman empire will actually replace the babylonian empire and scriptures cannot be broken hence the empire had just to be formed.