What are the motifs in Fallout by Ellen Hopkins?

Abuse is a recurring idea. Summer has suffered a great deal of abuse in her life. Summer was abused by her father's girlfriend when she was a little girl. Later, after being taken out of her father's care because of his addictions, Summer suffered sexual abuse at the hands of a foster father. As the novel develops, Summer finds herself in a relationship that can prove to be violent, a fact she is very aware of that causes her to temper her behavior around her boyfriend.