The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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The zeolites are a group of more than 35 soft, white minerals comprised mostly of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen and having a crystal structure featuring spacious pores or rings. Zeolites often form as crystals in small cavities in basaltic rocks or as volcanic tuffs altered by water. They are also synthesized industrially.
The pores of a natural zeolite crystal are filled with water that can be driven off by heating. The result is a honeycomb-like structure penetrated by openings on the order of a few atoms in width (2–8 angstroms). This structure can act as a hyperfine filter or molecular sieve. For example, nitrogen binds to some zeolites, so forcing ordinary air (which consists mostly of nitrogen) through such crystals yields an output of up to 95% oxygen. Equally useful is the ability of zeolites to capture large positively-charged ions from aqueous solution. This capture process is reversible; that is, an ion adsorbed by a zeolite can generally be driven off again by heat. This property allows many zeolite-based molecular sieves to be reused indefinitely. Such sieves—often consisting of tanks filled with tons of crushed zeolitic tuff—have been used to filter radioactive cesium and strontium from nuclear waste, to remove ammonia from sewage, to scrub sulfur dioxide (SO2) from coal-fired electric power station emissions, to purify landfill gas for household utility use, to filter mercury and other heavy metals from industrial wastewater, to remove calcium from water in water-softening systems, and for many other purposes.
Zeolites were first identified in 1756, but their molecular sieve properties were not observed until the mid 1920s. Even then they remained a mere curiosity for some time, as geologists still argued that natural zeolites were too rare to be commercially useful. Attention turned instead to zeolite synthesis. It was not until the 1950s that geologists discovered that million-ton deposits of volcanic tuff consisting mostly of zeolite are not, in fact, uncommon.