The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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The Zeeman effect is the splitting of atomic spectral lines caused by application of an external magnetic field. Pieter Zeeman observed this effect in 1896 and was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1902, along with Hendrik Lorentz, for explaining the phenomenon.
All of the atomic states with the same energy are said to be degenerate. The Zeeman effect is one of a number of mechanism that lift the degeneracy in energy. That is, there are many mechanisms that give the degenerate states slightly different energies. Each level is composed of states that are degenerate with respect to total angular momentum J until an external magnetic field is applied. When an external magnetic field is applied to the system these states are no longer degenerate in energy but are split.
The Normal Zeeman effect was the first attempt to explain the behavior of the spectral lines (energy levels) in a strong magnetic field. It only included the angular momentum of the atomic electrons. However, the number of energy levels predicted by this first attempt were different than those that were measured. This result was known as the Anomalous Zeeman effect. Later, the effect of electron spin was included into the theory, and the measured levels matched the predicted levels.